《新编语言学教程》课后答案

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1、 semantics: the study of linguistic meaning.(2) truth-conditional semantics: an approach that knowing the meaning of the sentence is the same as knowing the conditions under which the sentence is true or false, and knowing the meaning of a word or expression is knowing the part that it plays in the

2、truth or falsehood of the sentence containing it.(3) naming theory: the view that the meaning of an expression is what it refers to, or names.(4) behaviorist theory: the view that the mean ing of a linguistic form is de?ned as observable behaviors which is an approach drawing on psychology.(5) use t

3、heory: the semantic theory according to which the meaning of an expression is determined by its use in communication and more generally, in social interaction.(6) sense: the inherent part of an expression stogethengwith the context,determines its referent. For example, knowing the sense of a noun ph

4、rase such as the president of the United States in 2004 allows one to determine that George such as the president of the United States in 2004 allows one to determine that George reference: (in semantics) the relationship between words and the things, actions, events and qualities they stand for. An

5、 example in English is the relationship between the word tree and the object tree (referertt)e real world.(8) conceptual meaning:It means the meaning of words may be discussed in terms ofwhat they denote or refer to, also called denotative or cognitive meaning. It is the essential and inextricable p

6、art of what language is and is widely regarded as the central factor in verbal communication. For instance, the conceptual meaning of English is any male person or male animal.(9) connotative meaning: It is the communicative meaning that a word or a combination of words has by virtue of what it refe

7、rs to, over its purely conceptual meaning. For example, the connotative meaning of“ woman is emotional, frail,inconstant, irrational, etc.(10) semantic field: the organization of related words and expressions into asystem which shows their relationship to one another. For example, kinship terms such

8、 as father, mother, brother, sister, uncle, aunt belong to a semantic ?eld whose relevant features include generation, sex, membership of the father s or mother s side of family.(11) lexical gap: the absence of a word in a particular place in a semantic ?eld of a language. For instance, in English w

9、e have brother versus sister, son versus daughter, but no separate lexemes for male and female cousin.(12) componential analysis: (in semantics) an approach to the study of meaning which analyzesa word into a set of meaning components or semantic features. For example, the meaning of the English wor

10、d boy may be shown as +human+male-adult.(13) semantic feature: the smallest units of meaning in a word. The meaning of word may be described as a combination of semantic components or features. For example, the feature +male is part of the meaning of father, and so is the feature +adult, but other f

11、eatures are needed to make up the whole meaning of father. Often, semantic features are established by contrast and can be stated in terms of + and -, e.g. woman has the semantic features +human, -male and +adult.(14) synonym: the sense relations of equivalence of meaning between lexical items, e.g.