英语摘要写作方法.

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1、Academic Writing and CommunicationLecture 6 AbstractContents Definition of the abstract Types of the abstract Structure of the abstract1. Definition of the Abstract (1) An Abstract should be viewed as a miniversion of the paper. The abstract should provide a brief summary of each of the main section

2、s of the paper: Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion. Generally speaking, the abstract should not exceed 250 words (100-200 words ) and should be designed to define clearly what is dealt with in the paper. 1. Definition of the Abstract (2)The abstract should (i) state the prin

3、cipal objectives and scope of the investigation, (ii) describe the methodology employed, (iii) summarize the results, and (iv) state the principal conclusion.1. Definition of the Abstract (3) Most or all of the Abstract should be written in the past tense, because it refers to work done. References

4、to the literature must not be cited in the Abstract.2. Types of Abstracts (1) Informative abstract (more detailed, and may include quantitative details) 信息性/报道性/资料性摘要 Indicative /descriptive abstract (brief and qualitative, indicating what kind of research has been done) 指示性/说明性/描述性摘要 Informative-in

5、dicative abstract报道-指示性摘要2. Types of Abstracts (2) An effective discussion of the various uses and types of abstracts was provided by McGirr (1973), whose conclusions are well worth repeating: “When writing the abstract, remember that it will be published by itself, and should be self-contained. Tha

6、t is, it should contain no bibliographic, figure, or table references. 2. Types of Abstracts (3) The language should be familiar to the potential reader. Omit obscure abbreviations and acronyms. Write the paper before you write the abstract, if at all possible. Unless a long term is used several tim

7、es within an Abstract, do not abbreviate the term. Wait and introduce the appropriate abbreviation at first use in the text (probably in the Introduction).2.1 Informative abstract 信息性/报道性/资料性摘要 An informative abstract is designed to condense the paper. It can and should briefly state the problem, th

8、e method used to study the problem, and the principal data and conclusions. Often, the abstract supplants the need for reading the full paper; without such abstracts, scientists would not be able to keep up in active areas of research. This is the type of abstract that is used as a “heading” in most

9、 journals today. 2.2 Indicative abstract (1)指示性/说明性/描述性摘要 Another common type of abstract is the indicative abstract (sometimes called a descriptive abstract). This type of abstract is designed to indicate the subjects dealt with in a paper, making it easy for potential readers to decide whether to

10、read the paper. However, because of its descriptive rather than substantive nature, it can seldom serve as a substitute for the full paper. 2.2 Indicative abstract (2)指示性/说明性/描述性摘要 Thus, indicative abstracts should not be used as “heading” abstracts in research papers, but they may be used in other

11、types of publications (review papers, conference reports, the government report literature, etc.); such indicative abstracts are often of great value to reference librarians. 2.3 Informative- indicative abstract 报道-指示性摘要An informative-indicative abstract is a combined form that bears a specific info